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Queen's Police Officer

Queen's Police Officer

The Queen's Police Officer is the senior officer from the Royalty and Diplomatic Protection Department of the London Metropolitan Police responsible for the personal security of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.

List of Queen's (and King's) Police Officers

- Chief Superintendent Stephen Grainger 2005-
- Chief Superintendent Peter Prentice, CVO 1998-2005
- Chief Inspector David Robinson 1992-
- Chief Superintendent James Beaton, GC CVO 1983-1992
- Superintendent Christopher Hagon 1982-1983 (acting)
- Commander Michael Trestrail, MVO 1973-1982
- Commander Sir Edward Perkins, KCVO 1956-1973
- Chief Superintendent Hugh Cameron c.1952
- Superintendent Storrier c.1936
- Superintendent Edwin Woodhall c.1910-1936
- Superintendent William Melville c.1901-1903
- Superintendent John Sweeney c.1883 Category:Metropolitan Police Category:Positions within the British Royal Household

Police officer

A police officer is a person who works for the police force.

Work as a police officer

A police officer (in the United States) or police constable (in the United Kingdom) is employed in most cases by Federal, State/Provincial or Municipal goverments and has the responsibility (or duty) of enforcing federal, state/provincial laws along with municipal/city by-laws. They also have the responsibility of keeping the public peace. This is usually done by pro actively patrolling in their various jurisdictions looking for and investigating law breakers or responding to calls for help from the public they serve. Police officers are required to keep notes of all situations to which they are summoned and are often called as witnesses during criminal prosecutions. One of the less well-known duties of the police officer is filling out paperwork and this can often take up several hours per day. In recent years, many officers have complained that paperwork loads have increased and that it leaves them less time to actually patrol and respond to summons by members of the public. It must be noted that the responsibilities of a police officer/constable are extremely broad and not in any way limited to the responsibilities mentioned above. Police are expected to be able to respond in some fashion to any and all situations that may arise while they are on duty. It is also believed in some communities that a police officer has a responsibility to act if needed even when they are off duty.

Qualifications required

In most countries, candidates for the police force must have completed some formal education. Increasing numbers of people are joining the police force who possess tertiary level education and in response to this many police forces have developed a "fast-track" scheme whereby those with university degrees spend 2-3 years as a police constable before receiving promotion to higher ranks, such as plain clothes detective. Although recruits to the police force are often school leavers, others decide to become police officers after a career in the military or security services. After serving a number of years as a police officer/constable, it is possible to seek promotion to a higher rank, such as sergeant. Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination or interview board. Those attaining promotion may also seek a position as a plain clothes officer (in the UK this may mean becoming part of the (CID). Although promotion leads to an increase in salary, it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. In addition to any formal qualifications required, potential police officers should have a genuine interest in working with the public and possess an enquiring mind.

Dangers and Rewards of being a police officer

Police officers face many dangers in their jobs. Police officers are constantly being faced with the unknown and the unpredictable. They never truly know the outcome of any situation they enter into. This can make policing a dangerous profession. Dangers faced by police include - death, serious injury, infectious diseases, minor injuries. These dangers are encountered in many different situations i.e. apprehension/arrest and investigation of criminals, conducting vehicle stops, investigating people and crimes, protecting the public from dangerous situations or individuals, investigating traffic accidents and directing traffic. However, many police officers do derive a genuine sense of job satisfaction from their work, especially when a long investigation has been successfully completed. On a day-to-day basis, officers can often see the results of their work in their ability to help members of the public, even with incidents of relatively minor importance. Category:Law enforcement ja:警察官

Metropolitan police

Metropolitan police is a generic title for the municipal police force for a major metropolitan area, and it may be part of the official title of the force. They provide all general police services and tend to be headed by a chief called a Commissioner. Examples of use of the term include:
- The Greater London Metropolitan Police Service, formerly (and still commonly) known simply as the Metropolitan Police.
- The Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.
- The large municipal police force of an Indian city, which is headed by a Commissioner and may be independent of the state police, such as Mumbai Police.
- The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.
- The Seoul Metropolitan Police Department.
- The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department.
- The New York City Police Department.
- The Metropolitan Nashville Police Department.
- The Miami-Dade Police Department, formerly the Metro-Dade Police Department, is the county police force for Dade County, Florida, although its jurisdiction excludes the city of Miami itself.
- The St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department.
- The Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department.
- The Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan Police Department.
- The JasCo Metropolitan Police Department.
- The Dublin Metropolitan Police, now absorbed into the Garda Síochána.
- The Everest Metropolitan Police Department. Category:Law enforcement

Monarch

:For other senses, see monarch (disambiguation). A monarch (see sovereign) is a type of ruler or head of state. Monarchs almost always inherit their titles and are rulers for life. Historically monarchs have been more or less absolute rulers, though modern monarchs are typically figureheads with little power. Monarchs usually represent a larger monarchical system which has established rules and customs regarding succession, duties, and powers. A nation ruled by a monarch is called a monarchy. The word "monarch" derives from Greek monos archein, meaning "one ruler," and referred to an absolute ruler in ancient Greece. With time, the word has been succeeded in this meaning by others, like autocrat or dictator, and the word monarch in modern usage almost always refers to a traditional system of hereditary rulership (but see the discussion on elective monarchies below).

Possible definitions of the term

Which rulers are considered monarchs today is partially a matter of tradition, so there are no hard and fast rules. There are, however, a number of characteristics that are commonly, though not universally, distinguishing for monarchs:
- Most monarchs hold their office for life, while most other rulers do not. A monarch may chose to resign his position through abdication, though this is a rare and dramatic practice.
- Exceptions to this include the French co-prince of Andorra, who is not appointed for life (he is the French President, elected for a five year period by the French people), but still generally considered a monarch because of the use of a traditionally monarchical title. (Though, a purist might regard Andorra as a diarchy.) Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia is considered a monarch although only holding the office five years at a time. On the other hand, several life-time dictators around the world have not been considered monarchs.
- Most monarchs are raised within a royal family where they are taught to expect and obey their future "duties," and they are, formally or informally, succeeded upon their death or abdication by members of their own family, usually their eldest son or eldest child. As a result, most stable monarchies have a long legacy of rule by a single family or bloodline.
- Once again, Malaysia is an exception, as is the Vatican City (the Pope bears the title "Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City"). Also, the practice is not totally uncommon in systems which are not considered monarchical, such as family dictatorships.
- Most monarchs hold titles that are traditional among monarchs (see below). While this is a fairly arbitrary characteristic, it might just be the best distinction between monarchs and non-monarchs at the moment.

Different types of monarchs

Monarchy is the form of government involving a monarch. It can be either absolute or constitutional, and constitutional monarchies may even restrict the powers of the monarch to the point where he is little more than a near-powerless figurehead, which is a common modern practice. The word monarchy can also be used about a country which has such a system. Normally however, such countries identify themselves more narrowly depending on the actual title used by the monarch – e.g., as a kingdom, grand duchy, or principality. Elective monarchies were once common, although only a very small portion of the population was eligible to vote. As the impact of the feudal system diminished, many monarchs were eventually allowed to introduce hereditary succession, guaranteeing that the title and office will stay within the family. Today, almost all monarchies are hereditary monarchies in which the monarchs come from one royal family with the office of sovereign being passed from one family member to another upon the death or abdication of the incumbent. Existing elective monarchies include Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the Holy See. The former system of the election of the doge in Venice is also widely known. A sovereign is the monarch of a sovereign state. Although non-sovereign states have often had monarchs historically (not least within the Holy Roman Empire), all European monarchs since 1918 have been sovereigns. Outside Europe there still exist several monarchs of subnational entities however, most notably in Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. A more obscure example is that of Kings of the French Wallis and Futuna territory. In a few cases a monarch is associated with a particular group (or nation) within a state, such as Te Arikinui Te Atairangikaahu of the Maori (the Maori Queen) and Osei Tutu II of the Ashanti.

European monarchical titles

In Europe, a monarch may traditionally bear any of several titles. Although monarchs have normally been male, each of these titles also has a female counterpart. This is used not only in the (historically rare) case that the monarch is female, but also for wives of monarchs (when there is need to distinguish between the two cases, terms like Queen regnant and Queen consort are used). The converse is not true however: the husband of a queen regnant is not automatically a king (e.g., the Duke of Edinburgh is not King Philip of the United Kingdom). The more frequent use of the word monarch in recent years arises from this possibility of a male or female ruler. Formerly, the ruler was expected to be male, therefore a terminology of masculine words developed, the feminine words expressing a different role. The word monarch covers both sexes so is more acceptable in a general discussion in a gender-conscious culture. The normal monarch title in Europe – i.e., the one used if the monarch has no higher title – is Prince. It was a common title within the Holy Roman Empire, along with a number of higher titles listed below. Such titles were granted by the Emperor, while the titulation of rulers of sovereign states was generally left to the discretion of themselves, most often choosing King. Such titulations could cause diplomatic problems, and especially the elevation to Emperor was seen as an offensive action. During the 19th and 20th centuries most small monarchies in Europe disappeared to form larger entities, and so King has become the most common title today.
- As popes are usually Catholic priests (technically not a requirement, see Pope - Election), a celibate office forbidden to women, there is no female equivalent. Legends of female popes (see Pope Joan) refer to them as "pope." Some European languages have a feminine form of the word pope, such as the French papesse (to pape) or German Päpstin (to Papst), used, among other things, for the High Priestess tarot card. Note that some of these titles have several meanings and do not necessarily designate a monarch. A Prince can be a person of royal blood (some languages uphold this distinction, see Fürst). A Duke can be a British peer. In Imperial Russia, a Grand Duke was a son or grand-son of the Tsar. Holders of titles in these alternative meanings did not enjoy the same status as actual monarchs of the same title. Within the Holy Roman Empire, there were even more titles that were occasionally used for monarchs although they were normally noble; Margrave, Count Palatine, Landgrave. An actual monarch with such low titles still outranked a noble Duke. Today, there are seven kingdoms, one grand duchy, and two principalities in Europe, excluding the peculiar case of Andorra.

Monarchical titles in use by non-monarchs

It is not uncommon that people who are not generally seen as monarchs nevertheless use monarchical titles. There are three cases of this:
- Claiming an existing title, challenging the current holder. This has been very common historically. For centuries, the British monarch used, among his other titles, the title King of France, despite the fact that he had no authority over French territory. There have also been numerous antipopes.
- Retaining the title of an extinct monarchy. This can be coupled with a claim that the monarchy was in fact never, or should never have been, extinct. An example of the first case is the Prince of Seborga. Examples of the second case are several deposed monarchs or otherwise pretenders to thrones of abolished monarchies, e.g., Leka, Crown Prince of Albania who is styled by some as the "King of Albania." Retaining the title of an extinct monarchy can, however, be totally free of claims of sovereignty, as when Juan Carlos I of Spain includes "King of Jerusalem" in his full title. When it comes to deposed monarchs, it is customary to continue the usage of their monarchical title (e.g., Constantine II, King of the Hellenes) as a courtesy title, not a constitutional office, for the duration of their lifetime. However the title then dies with them and cannot be used by anyone else unless the crown is restored constitutionally. (Some republicans take offence at this custom.) Monarchs who have freely abdicated lose their right to use their former title. However where a monarch abdicated under duress (e.g., Michael I of Romania), it is customary to see the abdication as invalid and to treat them as deposed monarchs entitled to use their monarchical style for their lifetime.
- Inventing a new title. This is common by founders of micronations, and also may or may not come with a claim of sovereignty. When it does, it is most often disregarded by state leaders. A notable example is Paddy Roy Bates, styling himself the "Prince of Sealand," but not recognized as such by any national government, thus failing at least the constitutive condition for statehood (see Sealand for a fuller discussion of his claims).

Other monarchical titles

In China, "king" is the usual translation for the term wang, which designated the sovereign before the Qin dynasty and during the Ten Kingdoms period. During the early Han dynasty, China had a number of small kingdoms, each about the size of a county and subordinate to the Emperor of China. When a difference exists, male titles are placed to the left and female titles are placed to the right of the slash.

By region

- Africa
- Chieftain - Leader of a "primitive" people
- Pharaoh - early Egypt
- Negus - Ethiopia
- Oba - Yoruba people of Nigeria
- Americas
- Cacique - Aboriginal Hispaniola
- Hueyi Tlatoani - Aztec Empire
- Ajaw - Maya
- Inca - Tahuantinsuyu (Inca Empire)
- Asia
- Druk Gyalpo —heriditary title given to the king of Bhutan
- Chogyal — "Divine Ruler" — ruled Sikkim till 1975
- Hwangje - States that unified Korea
- Wang - States of Korea that do not have control over all of Korea
- Badshah - India (emperor)
- Huangdi - Imperial China
- Maharaja/Maharani - India
- Nawab, Wali - Muslim rulers of principalities or princes under Mughal (Mogul) or British Indian Empires
- Nizam - Hyderabad, India
- Susuhanan - the Indonesian princely state of Surakarta until its abolition
- Sultan - Aceh, Brunei Darussalam
- Meurah -Aceh before Islam
- Yang Dipertuan Agong - king of Malaysian Federations, elected each 5 years among the reining monarch in Malaysia.
- Tenno or Mikado - Japan
- Wang - pre-Imperial China
- Europe
- Arqa / Thagavor - Armenian king
- Germanic king
- Βασιλεύς-Greek
- Vezér - Ancient Hungarian
- Fejedelem - Ancient/Medieval Hungarian
- Vojvod (Serbian) / Vajda (Hungarian) - Serbian / Hungarian / Romany Title
- Rí and Ard Rí - Respectively King and High King in Ireland.
- Kniaz'/Knyaginya (generally translated as "prince") - Kievan Rus'
- Tsar/Tsaritsa - Imperial Russia
- Kunigaikshtis (Kunigaikštis) - Lithuanian,duke as in Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
- Middle East
- Bei
- Caliph - Islamic holy title
- Emir - Arabic holy title
- Khan - Mongol Emperor or Turkish, Afghan, Pashtun or other Central Asian chieftain
- Malik/Malika - Arabic leader
- Pharaoh - Ancient Egypt
- Shah - Persia/Iran, Afghanistan
- Shahenshah - Persia/Iran, "King of Kings" or emperor
- Shaikh - Arabic leader
- Sultan/Sultana - Arabic King
- Oceania
- Chieftain - Leader of a "primitive" people
- King - there were/are also kings in Oceania (i.e. Tonga,Wallis and Futuna, Nauru)
- Houeiki - Chief status in the Tongan traditional system.

General monarch titles

- Autocrat - General term for absolute monarch.
- Emperor/Empress - Empire
- Grand Duke/Grand Duchess - Grand Duchy
- King/Queen - Kingdom
- Prince/Princess - Sovereign Principality
- Sovereign Duke/Count/Baron - Sovereign Duchy/County/Barony - (Grand)Children have the title Princely-, like Princely-Lord

Succession

Succession from one monarch to another varies from country to country. Traditionally, hereditary succession within members of one family has been most common. The usual hereditary succession has based on some cognatic principles and on seniority, though also merits have influenced. Thus, the most common hereditary system in feudal Europe was based on cognatic primogeniture, where a lord was succeeded by his eldest son, and failing sons, by either daughters or by sons of daughters. The system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to merits and capability. The Quasi-Salic succession provided firstly male members of the family to succeed, and secondarily males also from female lines. In most feudal fiefs, females (such as daughters and sisters) were allowed to succeed, brothers failing, but usually the husband of the heiress became the real lord and most often also got title, iure uxoris. Great Britain and Spain are today continuing this old model of succession law, in form of cognatic primogeniture. In more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes could have been idiosyncratic. As the average life span increased (lords limited their own participation in dangerous battles, and society's more wealthy had increasingly better sustenance and living conditions, which improved general health among princes), primogeniture began to win the battle against proximity, tanistry, seniority and election. Later, when lands were strictly divided among noble families and tended to remain fixed, agnatic primogeniture (practically the same as Salic Law) became the most usual: succession going to the eldest son of the monarch; if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the nearest male relative through male line. Some countries however accepted female rulers early on, so that if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the eldest daughter. (This, cognatic primogeniture, was the rule that let Elizabeth II become Queen.) In 1980, Sweden became the first European monarchy to abolish this preference for males altogether, declaring equal primogeniture or full cognatic primogeniture, so that the eldest child of the monarch now ascends to the throne, be that child male or female. Other kingdoms (Norway in 1990, Belgium in 1991 and the Netherlands) have followed. In some monarchies, e.g. Saudi Arabia, succession to the throne has passed to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only to the monarch's children after that (= agnatic seniority). In some other monarchies (e.g. Jordan), the monarch chooses who will be his successor, who need not necessarily be his eldest son.

Current monarchs

NOTE: The table comprises all sovereign monarchs of the world today, but is severely incomplete with regard to the non-sovereign monarchs.

External links

- [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/odegard/titlefaq.htm A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles]
- [http://www.archontology.org Archontology]
- Monarch Monarch Category:Titles zh-min-nan:Ông ko:군주 ja:君主

United Kingdom

:For other meanings of the terms "United Kingdom" and "UK" , see United Kingdom (disambiguation) and UK (disambiguation). :For an explanation of terms like England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (usually shortened to the United Kingdom or the UK) is a country located off the north-western coast of continental Europe, surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is composed of four constituent parts: three constituent countries—England, Scotland, and Wales—on the island of Great Britain, and the province of Northern Ireland on the island of Ireland. The border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland forms the United Kingdom's principal international land border, although there is a nominal frontier with France in the middle of the Channel Tunnel. The UK has several overseas territories and the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands come under the UK's sovereignty. The UK also has close relationships with the fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, as they all share the same head of state. The UK is also one of the largest member states of the European Union and a founding partner of both the UN and NATO.
Terminology

- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: The official name for the sovereign state
- United Kingdom: an abbreviation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Britain: an informal term that sometimes means United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and sometimes means Great Britain
- British: an informal term that sometimes means from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and sometimes means from Great Britain
- Great Britain (as a geographical term): the largest island of the British Isles
- Great Britain (as a political term): England + Wales + Scotland
- British Isles (as a geographical term): Great Britain + Ireland + many smaller surrounding islands. This term is disputed, please see below.
- Ireland (as a geographical term): the second largest island of the British Isles
- Ireland (as a political term): an abbreviation of the Republic of Ireland, a sovereign state on the island of Ireland
- Northern Ireland: a political region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Ulster (as a geographical term): Often used to refer to Northern Ireland. It is derived from the Irish Language term 'Ulad.' It was one of the ancient Irish provinces (the others were Connaught, Leinster and Munster.). Although it is normally used to refer to Northern Ireland, Ulster also (traditionally) includes Counties Cavan, Monaghan and Donegal, which lie in the Republic of Ireland. The term Ulster is often favoured by the Protestant community.
History
Protestant Today's state is the latest of several unions formed over the last 1000 years. Scotland and England have existed as separate unified entities since the 10th century. Wales, under English control since the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, became part of the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. With the Act of Union 1707, the separate kingdoms of England and Scotland, having shared the same monarch since 1603, agreed to a permanent union as the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Act of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been gradually brought under English control between 1169 and 1691, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was formed in 1922, after bitter fighting which echoes down to the current political strife, the Anglo-Irish Treaty partitioned Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, with the latter remaining part of the United Kingdom. As provided for in the treaty, Northern Ireland, which consists of six of the nine counties of the Irish province of Ulster, immediately opted out of the Free State and to remain in the UK. The nomenclature of the UK was changed in 1927 to recognise the departure of most of Ireland, with the current name being adopted. 1927 The United Kingdom, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing Western world ideas of property, liberty, capitalism and parliamentary democracy - to say nothing of its part in advancing world literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one quarter of the Earth's surface and encompassed a third of its population. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted from the effects of World War I and World War II. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous nation. The UK has been a member of the European Union since 1973. Its attitude towards further integration is conservative, and there is significant Euroscepticism in UK politics. It has not chosen to adopt the Euro, owing to internal political considerations and the government's judgement of the prevailing economic conditions.
Government and politics
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with executive power exercised on behalf of the Queen by the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, including the Prime Minister, and other ministers collectively make up Her Majesty's Government. These ministers are drawn from and are responsible to Parliament, the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be "supreme" (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The UK is one of the few countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution, relying instead on customs and separate pieces of constitutional law. While the monarch is Head of State and holds all executive power, it is the Prime Minister who is the head of government. The government is answerable chiefly to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister is drawn from this chamber of Parliament by constitutional convention. The majority of cabinet members will be from the House of Commons, the rest from the House of Lords. Ministers do not, however, legally have to come from Parliament, though that is the modern day custom. The British system of government has been emulated around the world - a legacy of the United Kingdom's colonial past - most notably in the other Commonwealth Realms. The Prime Minister is chosen as the MP who can command a majority in the House of Commons - usually the leader of the largest party or, if there is no majority party, the largest coalition. The current Prime Minister is Tony Blair of the Labour Party, who has been in office since 1997. In the United Kingdom the monarch has extensive theoretical powers, but his or her role is mainly, though not exclusively, ceremonial. The monarch is an integral part of Parliament (as the "Crown-in-Parliament") and theoretically gives Parliament the power to meet and create legislation. An Act of Parliament does not become law until it has been signed by the Queen (being given Royal Assent), although no monarch has refused to assent to a bill that has been approved by Parliament since Queen Anne in 1708. Although the abolition of the monarchy has been suggested several times, the popularity of the monarchy remains strong in spite of recent controversies. Support for a British republic usually fluctuates between 15% and 25% of the population, with roughly 10% undecided or indifferent [http://www.mori.com/mrr/2000/c000616.shtml]. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. Parliament is the national legislature of the United Kingdom. It is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom, according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. It is bicameral, composed of the elected House of Commons and the unelected House of Lords, whose members are mostly appointed. The House of Commons is the more powerful of the two houses. The House of Commons has 646 members who are directly elected from single-member constituencies based on population. The House of Lords has 724 members (though this number is not fixed): hereditary peers, life peers, and bishops of the Church of England. The Church of England is the established church of the state in England. established church]] The two largest political parties are the Labour Party and Conservative Party. The UK has long had a two-party system, but in the last 20 years the Liberal Democrats have re-emerged as a large third party. The electoral system used for general elections is first-past-the-post. The constitution of the United Kingdom is un-codified and partially unwritten, which means that no single document regulates how the government works, and unwritten constitutional conventions are used extensively. The constitution is based on the principle that Parliament is the ultimate sovereign body in the country. There has long been a widespread sense of national identity in the Celtic nations. Throughout the late 19th century the UK debated giving Ireland home rule. The Scottish National Party was founded in 1934, and Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales) in 1925. Referenda for devolution succeeded in 1997 for Scotland and Wales and in 1998 for Northern Ireland. In 1999, the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales were established, the former having primary legislative power. Proportional representation is used for the elections, which has resulted in a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government in Scotland. Due to internal disagreements, the Northern Ireland Assembly has been suspended since 2002.
Subdivisions
The United Kingdom is a country that is divided into four constituent parts:
- England
- Scotland
- Northern Ireland
- Wales The constituent parts of the United Kingdom have administrative subdivisions as follows:
- The regions and administrative counties of England
- The council areas of Scotland
- The counties and county boroughs of Wales
- The districts of Northern Ireland The Laws in Wales Act 1535 incorporated Wales and England into England and Wales for legal purposes. Although all four have historically been divided into counties, England's population is an order of magnitude larger than the others so in recent years it has for some purposes been divided into nine intermediate-level Government Office Regions. Each region is made up of counties and unitary authorities, apart from London, which consists of London boroughs. Although at one point it was intended that each or some of these regions would be given its own regional assembly, the plan's future is uncertain, as of 2004, after the North East region rejected its proposed assembly in a referendum. Scotland consists of 32 Council Areas. Wales consists of 22 Unitary Authorities, styled as 10 County Boroughs, 9 Counties, and 3 Cities. Northern Ireland is divided into 26 Districts. Also sometimes associated with the United Kingdom, though not constitutionally part of the United Kingdom itself, are the Crown dependencies (the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, and the Isle of Man) as self-governing possessions of the Crown, and a number of overseas territories under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.
Military
The armed forces of the United Kingdom are known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, officially the Armed Forces of the Crown. Their Commander-in-Chief is the Queen and they are managed by the Ministry of Defence. Ministry of Defence The British Armed Forces are charged with protecting the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, promoting the United Kingdom's wider security interests, and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in NATO and other coalition operations. The United Kingdom fields one of the most powerful and comprehensive military forces in the World. Its global power projection capabilities are second only to those of the United States Armed Forces. The British Army had a reported strength of 112,700 in 2004, including 7,600 women, and the Royal Air Force a strength of 53,400. The 40,900-member Royal Navy is in charge of the United Kingdom's independent strategic nuclear arm, which consists of four Trident Ballistic Missile Submarines, while the Royal Marines provide infantry units for amphibious assault and for specialist reinforcement forces in and beyond the NATO area. This puts total active duty military troops in the 210,000 range, currently deployed in over 80 countries. The UK's special forces, principally the SAS, provides elite commandos trained for quick, mobile, military responses; often where secrecy or covert operations are required. The Royal Navy is the second largest navy in the World in terms of gross tonnage. Despite the United Kingdom's wide ranging capabilities, recent pragmatic defence policy has a stated assumption that any large operation would be undertaken as part of a coalition. Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq (Granby, No-Fly-Zones, Desert Fox and Telic) may all be taken as precedent - indeed the last true war in which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982, in which military action was initiated by Argentina and the UK was fighting a defensive, rather than offensive, campaign. The British army has been actively involved in the Troubles in Northern Ireland. However, a programme of demilitarisation is being gradually implemented.
Geography
Troubles World Factbook Map of the United Kingdom]] Most of England consists of rolling lowland terrain, divided east from west by more mountainous terrain in the Northwest (Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District) and north (the upland moors of the Pennines) and limestone hills of the Peak District by the Tees-Exe line. The lower limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck, Cotswolds, Lincolnshire and chalk downs of the Southern England Chalk Formation. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn and the Humber Estuary. The largest urban area is Greater London. Near Dover, the Channel Tunnel links the United Kingdom with France. There is no peak in England that is 1000 metres (3,300 ft) or greater. Wales is mostly mountainous, the highest peak being Snowdon at 1085 metres (3,560 ft) above sea level. North of the mainland is the island of Anglesey. The largest and capital city is Cardiff, located in South Wales. Scotland's geography is varied, with lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west, including Ben Nevis, the UK's highest mountain at 1343 metres (4,406 ft). There are many long and deep-sea arms, firths, and lochs. A multitude of islands west and north of Scotland are also included, notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands. The largest city is Glasgow. Northern Ireland, making up the north-eastern part of Ireland, is mostly hilly. The main cities are Belfast ('Beal Feirste' in Irish) and Londonderry / Derry ('Doire' in Irish). The province is home to one of the UK’s World Heritage Sites, the Giant's Causeway, which consists of more than 40,000 six-sided basalt columns up to 40 feett (12 m) high. In total it is estimated that the UK includes around 1098 small islands, some being natural and some being crannogs, a type of artificial island which was built in past times using stone and wood, gradually enlarged by natural waste building up over time.
Economy
artificial island The United Kingdom, a leading trading power and financial centre, has an essentially capitalist economy, the fourth largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. Over the past three decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership by means of privatisation programmes, and has contained the growth of the Welfare State. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labour force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial state. Services, particularly banking, insurance and business services, account for by far the largest proportion of GDP. Industry continues to decline in importance, although the UK is still Europe's largest manufacturer of armaments, petroleum products, personal computers, televisions, and mobile telephones. Tourism is also important: with over 24 million tourists a year, between China (33) and Austria (19.1), the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world. The Blair government has put off the question of participation in the Euro system, citing five economic tests that would need to be met before they recommend that the UK adopts the Euro, and hold a referendum.
Society

Demographics
At the April 2001 census, the United Kingdom's population was 58,789,194, the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and metropolitan France) and the twenty-first largest in the world. Its overall population density is one of the highest in the world. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's prosperous south-east and is predominantly urban and suburban--with about 7.2 million in the capital of London. The United Kingdom's high literacy rate (99%) is attributable to universal public education introduced for the primary level in 1870 and secondary level in 1900 (except in Scotland where it was introduced in 1696). Education is mandatory from ages five through sixteen. referendum The Church of England and the Church of Scotland function as the official national religions in their respective countries, but most religions found in the world are represented in the United Kingdom. Anglicanism is the state religion that has been established in England since 1534 during the reign of King Henry VIII. During his reign, England broke ties with the Roman Catholic church and established the Church of England as the offical religion of England. Reforms to the nature of the church's relationship to the state have been ongoing, especially concerning the nature of the House of Lords and the appointment of a fixed amount of the lordships going to Lords Temporal, bishops of the Church of England. A group of islands close to continental Europe, the British Isles have been subject to many invasions and migrations, especially from Scandinavia and the continent, including Roman occupation for several centuries. Contemporary Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic stocks that settled there before the eleventh century. The pre-Celtic, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norse influences were blended on Great Britain under the Normans, Scandinavian Vikings who had lived in Northern France. Although Celtic languages persist in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, the predominant language is English, which is a West Germanic language descended from Old English, featuring a large amount of borrowings from Norman French.The other indigenous languages include the Celtic languages; Welsh, the closely related Irish and Scots Gaelic, and the Cornish language; as well as Lowland Scots, which is closely related to English; Romany; and British Sign Language (Northern Ireland Sign Language is also used in Northern Ireland). Celtic dialectal influences from Cumbric persisted in Northern England for many centuries, most famously in a unique set of numbers used for counting sheep. Recent immigrants, especially from the Commonwealth, speak many other languages, including Bengali, Cantonese, Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu. The United Kingdom has the largest number of Hindi speaking peoples outside of the Indian sub continent.
Culture
Urdu The United Kingdom contains many of the world's leading universities, including the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford and the University of London (which incorporates, amongst others, Imperial College and University College London), and has produced many great scientists and engineers including Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and Isambard Kingdom Brunel; the nation is credited with many inventions including the locomotive, vaccination, television, vacuum, and both the internal combustion and the jet engine. The English language has spread to all corners of the world (primarily because of the country’s empire) and is referred to as a ‘global language’. It is now taught as a second language more than any other around the world. Over the next few decades, it is estimated that approximately half the world’s population will be proficient in the language. Playwright William Shakespeare is arguably the most famous writer in the history of the English language; other well-known writers from the United Kingdom include the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily, and Anne), Jane Austen, William Thackeray, J. R. R. Tolkien, John Milton, H. G. Wells and Charles Dickens. Important poets include Lord Byron, Robert Burns, Lord Tennyson and William Blake. Notable composers from the United Kingdom have included William Byrd, John Taverner, William Lawes, John Dowland, Thomas Tallis, and Henry Purcell from the 16th and early 17th centuries, and, more recently, Sir Edward Elgar, Sir Arthur Sullivan (most famous for working with librettist Sir W. S. Gilbert), Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten in the 19th and 20th. George Frideric Handel spent most of his composing life in England. The BBC is the oldest and perhaps the most respected broadcasting network on the globe, with the BBC World Service radio channel and its news output held in particularly high regard. The other main television networks are ITV, Channel 4, five (TV) and Sky Television. Popular programmes in the UK include the three soaps Eastenders, Coronation Street and Emmerdale, as well as the comedy news quiz Have I Got News For You and Reality TV shows Big Brother and The X Factor. Various British TV formats have been exported to other nations, notably Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?, The Weakest Link and The Office. The UK was, with the US, one of the two main contributors in the development of rock and roll, and the UK has provided some of the most famous rock stars, including the Beatles, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Rolling Stones, The Who and many others. The UK was at the forefront of punk rock music in the 1970s with bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Clash, and the subsequent rebirth of heavy metal with bands such as Motörhead and Iron Maiden. In mid to late '90s, the Britpop phenomenon has seen bands such as Oasis, Blur, Radiohead and Coldplay gain international fame. The UK is also at the forefront of electronica, with British artists such as Aphex Twin, Talvin Singh, Nitin Sawhney and Lamb at the cutting edge. The United Kingdom was also associated with music from the Caribbean, with a large number of Jamaicans and other Caribbean nationals being present in the UK.
Sport
A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including football, golf, cricket, rugby, tennis and boxing. The national sport of the UK is association football, but the UK does not compete as a nation in any major football tournament. Instead, the home nations compete individually as England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It is because of this unique four-team arrangement that the UK currently does not compete in football events at the Olympic Games. However, a united team will probably take part in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, as these are hosted in London. The English and Northern Irish football associations have confirmed participation in this team while the Scottish FA and the Welsh FA have declined to participate. The UK also hosts many world-renowned football clubs, such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea and Arsenal in England and Rangers and Celtic in Scotland. Clubs compete in national leagues and competitions and some go on to compete in European competitions. Both forms of rugby are national sports. Rugby League originates from and is generally played in the North of England, whilst Rugby Union is played all over Britain. In Rugby League the UK plays as one nation - Great Britain - whilst in union it is represented by the four nations. England are the current holders of the Rugby Union World Cup. Every four years the British and Irish Lions (comprising the best players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland) tour other countries. Cricket is also played in the UK, although it is focussed in England. The Wimbledon Championships are an international tennis event held in Wimbledon in south London every summer and are seen as the most prestigious of the tennis calendar. Golf is one of the most popular participation sports played in the UK and St Andrews in Scotland is the sport's home course.
Miscellaneous topics

External links

- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ BBC Nations] History of the nations within the UK.
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk.html CIA World Factbook: UK.]
- [http://www.direct.gov.uk Gateway to UK governmental services and websites.]
- [http://www.number-10.gov.uk Number 10 Downing Street]
- [http://www.statistics.gov.uk Office of National Statistics]
- [http://www.opsi.gov.uk Office of Public Sector Information] Source for all UK legislation 1987-present (successor to Her Majesty's Stationery Office).
- [http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/britishisles/ The British Isles] Independent view of the UK.
- [http://www.royal.gov.uk The British Monarchy]
- [http://www.parliament.uk/ The United Kingdom Parliament]
- [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=5703&Pos=&ColRank=1&Rank=272 Official Yearbook of the UK] factbook produced by the Office for National Statistics (years 2000 to 2005 available online).
- [http://www.ukcities.co.uk UK Cities] lists a variety of useful resources for every city in the UK.
- [http://www.justuk.org UK travel guide] United Kingdom for travellers.
- [http://www.world66.com/europe/unitedkingdom World66 Guide to United Kingdom] A travel guide written by its users.
- [http://www.multimap.co.uk www.multimap.co.uk] provides online maps and aerial photographs of the UK.
- [http://www.streetmap.co.uk www.streetmap.co.uk] an alternative to multimap.
- [http://www.freeworldmaps.net/europe/united-kingdom/map.html Physical map of United Kingdom.]
- [http://www.upmystreet.com www.upmystreet.com] detailed localised information about places in the United Kingdom.
- [http://www.parks.it/world/UK/Eindex.html UK Parks] National parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and other protected areas. ----
Category:British Isles Category:European countries Category:European Union member states Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Category:Monarchies A als:Grossbritannien und Nordirland zh-min-nan:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ko:영국 ms:United Kingdom ja:イギリス simple:United Kingdom th:สหราชอาณาจักร

Chief Superintendent

Chief Superintendent is a senior rank in police forces organised on the British model.

United Kingdom

In the British police, a Chief Superintendent (Ch Supt; or colloquially "Chief Super") is senior to a Superintendent and junior to an Assistant Chief Constable (or a Commander in the Metropolitan Police or City of London Police). The highest rank below Chief Officer level, chief superintendents were first introduced into the Metropolitan Police in 1949 and have since been adopted in all British police forces. Traditionally, chief superintendents have commanded divisions, but since widespread reorganisation in the 1990s many forces have abandoned divisions for different forms of organisation and the areas commanded by chief superintendents vary widely from force to force. In most forces, however, they still command the largest territorial subdivisions, often known generally as Basic Command Units (BCUs). The rank of Chief Superintendent was abolished on 1 April 1995 following recommendations made in the Sheehy Report, except for officers already holding the rank. The Home Office officially reintroduced the rank of Chief Superintendent on 1 January 2002. The senior detective and commander of the Criminal Investigation Department in most forces is a Detective Chief Superintendent (DCS) (although in the Metropolitan Police, a DCS may only command a branch of the CID) and the rank of chief superintendent may also be used by the commanders of other headquarters departments. Criminal Investigation Department] The rank badge, worn on the epaulettes, is a star ("pip") below a crown, the same rank badge worn by a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army. Metropolitan Police Chief Superintendents wore a crown over two stars until the abolition of the rank of Superintendent Grade I, when they changed to the same rank badge as worn elsewhere in the country.

Canada

In the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, a Chief Superintendent wears two stars below a crown, equivalent to a Colonel.

Hong Kong

Colonel In the Hong Kong Police Force, a Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) ranks between a Senior Superintendent (SSP) and an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP). A CSP is usually a District Commander (DC) or a Branch/Bureau Commander (e.g. Narcotics Bureau). The Commandants of the Police Training School and Police Tactical Unit are also CSPs. Category:Police organisation in the United Kingdom

Chief Inspector

Chief Inspector (Ch Insp) is a rank in used in police forces which follow the British model. In countries outside Britain, it is sometimes referred to as Chief Inspector of Police (CIP).

United Kingdom

In the British police, a Chief Inspector is senior to an Inspector and junior to a Superintendent. It is approximately equivalent to the rank of Captain in United States police forces. The rank was first introduced into the Metropolitan Police in 1868 and was first used by Adolphus Williamson, the first head of the Detective Branch (later the Criminal Investigation Department). When Williamson was promoted to Superintendent shortly afterwards, three of his Inspectors were promoted to Chief Inspector and the rank was firmly established. In 1869 it was also introduced as a uniformed rank, with the senior assistant to the Divisional Superintendent being given the rank. The rank subsequently spread to other police forces. From 1933, every Metropolitan Police division had two Chief Inspectors: Chief Inspector (Administration) and Chief Inspector (Crime) (the latter also being an administrative officer and not replacing the Divisional Detective Inspector). In 1949, Sub-Divisional Inspectors were also regraded as Chief Inspectors. Today, the function of Chief Inspectors varies from force to force. They may assist Basic Command Unit (BCU) commanders, command smaller units, or fill various staff posts. Detective Chief Inspector (DCI) is usually the minimum rank held by a Senior Investigating Officer (SIO), who heads major investigations (into murder, for example), and a pool of these officers usually works out of force headquarters or major police stations. The senior Criminal Investigation Department (CID) officer in each BCU usually also holds this rank. The rank badge of a Chief Inspector is three stars ("pips") worn on the epaulettes. This is the same badge as a Captain in the British Army. Chief Inspector was one of the ranks proposed for abolition in the 1994 Sheehy Report, but in the end it was retained.

Hong Kong

Sheehy Report In the Hong Kong Police Force, a Chief Inspector is normally the second-in-command of a headquarters unit or a division.

Singapore

The rank has been abolished by the Singapore Police Force, although it is still retained by the Gurkha Contingent. Category:Police organisation in the United Kingdom Category:Law enforcement

David Robinson

There have been several well-known people called David Robinson, including:
- David Robinson (film critic and author)
- David Robinson (basketball player)
- David Robinson (musician)
- David Robinson (Software Developer/Digital Artist)
- David C. Robinson, film producer
- Sir David Robinson (philanthropist)
- David A. Robinson

Chief Superintendent

Chief Superintendent is a senior rank in police forces organised on the British model.

United Kingdom

Canada

In the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, a Chief Superintendent wears two stars below a crown, equivalent to a Colonel.

Hong Kong

GC

GC may stand for:
- Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
- Gabriel Centaurio
- Gameboy Color, made by Nintendo.
- GameCube
- Games Convention
- Garbage collection
- Garnier Corporation
- Gas chromatography
- General Catalogue (astronomy)
- General contractor
- General counsel
- George Cross
- Gigacoulomb (GC), an SI unit for electric charge equal to 10^{9 coulomb

- Gliomatosis cerebri

- Glivenko-Cantelli

- Global Catalog

- Global citizenship

- Global Community

- Global Crossing

- Gold Coins

- Goldbach's conjecture

- Good Charlotte

- Goose Creek (South Carolina)

- Goshen College

- Gran Canaria

- Grand Carnival, a Korea's minivan. your car built by Kia Motors.

- Grand champion

- Graphics calculator

- Graphics context (X11)

- Grasshopper-Club, a football club from Zürich

- Great circle (navigation)

- Green Card

- Greensboro College

- Greenville College

- Grilled Cheese

- Ground control

- Group Captain (RAF)

- Guanine-Cytosine (genetics)

- Guardia Civil (Spain)

- Guidance counselor

- Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force

ko:GC

ja:GC

Superintendent
A superintendent is an individual that has executive oversight and administration rights, usually within an educational entity or organization. For example, many US State Departments of Education refer to their administrators as superintendents. Most school districts usually do the same. Many school superintendents are elected by a School Board. They are typically given overall responsibility for personnel selection and appointment, preparation of operating budgets, and implementation of school policies and regulations.
----
Superintendent (Supt.) is also a police rank in most English-speaking nations, usually senior to Chief Inspector and junior to Chief Superintendent. Its equivalent in most US police commands is Deputy Inspector, though in some commands, Superintendent is the title for the head of the department.
----
Superintendent is also used by the U.S. Air Force as the title of the NCOIC (Noncommissioned Officer in Charge) of a section, flight, staff agency, directorate, or like organization. These positions are assigned to senior noncommissioned officers (NCOs), as opposed to the titles NCOIC (which are held by junior NCOs) and Chief or Director (which is assigned to commissioned officers as the head of the section).
----
Superintendent can also refer to the manager, maintenance and repair person, custodian, or janitor, of an apartment building.

Commander

Commander is a military rank used in many navies but not generally in armies or air forces. It is below Captain and above Lieutenant-Commander. The rank evolved in the 18th and early 19th centuries and was originally known as Master and Commander. The Royal Navy shortened Master and Commander to Commander in 1814.

A commander in the Royal Navy and the United States Navy is equivalent in rank to a lieutenant-colonel in the army. A commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff. A commander who commands a unit may be referred to as "Captain" as a courtesy title. A unit commander may also be informally referred to as "skipper."

In the highest levels of U.S. military command structure, "commander" refers to what used to be called commander-in-chief, or CINC, until October 24, 2002 (CINC is still used in casual speech). This is usually referred to with the area of which the officer is commander. For instance, General Tommy Franks was CENTCOM commander until July 7, 2003.

In the British Army, the term "commander" is officially applied to the non-commissioned officer in charge of a section (section commander), vehicle (vehicle commander) or gun (gun commander), to the subaltern or captain commanding a platoon (platoon commander), or to the brigadier commanding a brigade (brigade commander). Other officers commanding units are usually referred to as the Officer Commanding (OC), Commanding Officer (CO) or General Officer Commanding (GOC), depending on rank and position, although the term "commander" may be applied to them informally.

Royal Air Force rank
Since the Royal Air Force's middle-ranking officers' designations are modelled after the Royal Navy's, the rank equivalent to Lieutenant-Colonel (Army) or Commander (Navy) is called Wing Commander (ranking between Squadron Leader and Group Captain).

Royal Naval Air Service

In the Royal Naval Air Service, which amalgamated with the Royal Flying Corps to form the RAF in 1918, pilots held apointments as well as their normal Royal Navy ranks, and wore insignia appropriate to the appointment instead of the rank. Flight Commander wore a star above a Lieutenant's two rank stripes, Squadron Commander wore two stars above two rank stripes (less than eight years' seniority) or two-and-a-half rank stripes (over eight years seniority), and Wing Commander wore three rank stripes. The rank stripes had the usual Royal Navy curl, and were surmounted by an eagle.

US Air Force duty titles
Duty titles of many commanding officers in the United States Air Force are similar to ranks in the RAF. These duty titles are not ranks, but these titles convey relative power and importance nonetheless. The RAF ranks should not be confused with the titles of the following USAF duty positions: Squadron Commander, Group Commander, and Wing Commander - listed in ascending order. A Squadron Commander is typically a Major or Lieutenant Colonel, a Group Commander is typically a Colonel, and a Wing Commander is typically a senior Colonel or a Brigadier General.

British police rank
Commander is also a senior police rank in the two London police forces, the City of London Police, and the Metropolitan Police Service. It is senior to Chief Superintendent in both forces and junior to Deputy Assistant Commissioner in the Metropolitan Police and Assistant Commissioner in the City of London Police. It equates to Assistant Chief Constable in other forces. The Metropolitan Police introduced the rank in 1946, when they split the rank of Deputy Assistant Commissioner (with senior DACs keeping that rank title and junior DACs being regraded as Commanders). The Metropolitan Police also had a rank of Deputy Commander, ranking just below Commander, between 1946 and 1968.

American police rank
The San Francisco police department is one of the few American police departments which use this rank. A Commander in the SFPD is equivalent to an Inspector in other US departments (such as the NYPD); the SFPD rank was originally called Inspector as well, but was changed to Commander after senior officers voiced a preference for the more military-sounding rank.

Commander is also used as a title in certain circumstances, such as the Commander of a squad of Detectives, who would usually be of the rank of Lieutenant.

Military and Chivalric Orders
The title of Commander is used in the Military Orders, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, for a member senior to a Knight. The title of Knight Commander is often used to denote an even higher rank. These conventions are also used by most of the continental orders of chivalry. The United Kingdom uses different classifications.

In most of the British Orders of Knighthood, the grade of Knight (or Dame) Commander is the lowest grade of knighthood, but is above the grade of Companion (which does not carry a knighthood). In the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of the British Empire, the grade of Commander is senior to the grade of Lieutenant or Officer respectively, but junior to that of Knight or Dame Commander. In the British Order of St. John, a Commander ranks below a Knight. (However, Knights of the Order of St. John are not called "Sir.")

In fiction

- The fictional James Bond holds the rank of Commander in the Royal Navy.

- The fictional Horatio Hornblower holds the rank of Commander in Hornblower and the Hotspur.

- In Star Trek, Spock, William T. Riker, Deanna Troi, Beverly Crusher, and many secondary characters have held the rank of Commander in Starfleet. Although Geordi LaForge, Data, Worf and Chakotay were Lieutenant Commanders, they were usually addressed as "Commander" in accordance with naval tradition.

- The book Master and Commander and subsequent Hollywood film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, although Aubrey actually holds the rank of Captain in the film and most of the novels.

- In the Star Wars films, the rank of Commander is commonly used among the Imperial Navy.

- The fictional Honor Harrington holds the rank of Commander in the first book written about her by David Weber.

- In the fictional Battlestar Galactica universe (original and remake), the character Adama holds the rank of Commander in the Military Forces of the Twelve Colonies. This rank is senior to Colonel and Adama is in command of a large vessel, so the rank is therefore likely to equate more to a Captain or Commodore in real navies.

See also

- Comparative military ranks

- U.S. Navy Officer Rank Insignia

Category:Military ranks
Category:Law enforcement

Edward Perkins
Edward J. Perkins (born 1928), U.S. diplomat, U.S. ambassador to United Nations 1992-1993.

References

- [http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/P/Edward.J.Perkins-1/ Edward J. Perkins]

Perkins, Edward J.

Chief Superintendent
Chief Superintendent is a senior rank in police forces organised on the British model.

United Kingdom
In the British police, a Chief Superintendent (Ch Supt; or colloquially "Chief Super") is senior to a Superintendent and junior to an Assistant Chief Constable (or a Commander in the Metropolitan Police or City of London Police).

The highest rank below Chief Officer level, chief superintendents were first introduced into the Metropolitan Police in 1949 and have since been adopted in all British police forces.

Traditionally, chief superintendents have commanded divisions, but since widespread reorganisation in the 1990s many forces have abandoned divisions for different forms of organisation and the areas commanded by chief superintendents vary widely from force to force. In most forces, however, they still command the largest territorial subdivisions, often known generally as Basic Command Units (BCUs). The rank of Chief Superintendent was abolished on 1 April 1995 following recommendations made in the Sheehy Report, except for officers already holding the rank. The Home Office officially reintroduced the rank of Chief Superintendent on 1 January 2002.

The senior detective and commander of the Criminal Investigation Department in most forces is a Detective Chief Superintendent (DCS) (although in the Metropolitan Police, a DCS may only command a branch of the CID) and the rank of chief superintendent may also be used by the commanders of other headquarters departments.
Criminal Investigation Department]
The rank badge, worn on the epaulettes, is a star ("pip") below a crown, the same rank badge worn by a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army. Metropolitan Police Chief Superintendents wore a crown over two stars until the abolition of the rank of Superintendent Grade I, when they changed to the same rank badge as worn elsewhere in the country.

Canada

In the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, a Chief Superintendent wears two stars below a crown, equivalent to a Colonel.

Hong Kong

Colonel
In the Hong Kong Police Force, a Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) ranks between a Senior Superintendent (SSP) and an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP). A CSP is usually a District Commander (DC) or a Branch/Bureau Commander (e.g. Narcotics Bureau). The Commandants of the Police Training School and Police Tactical Unit are also CSPs.

Category:Police organisation in the United Kingdom

Superintendent
A superintendent is an individual that has executive oversight and administration rights, usually within an educational entity or organization. For example, many US State Departments of Education refer to their administrators as superintendents. Most school districts usually do the same. Many school superintendents are elected by a School Board. They are typically given overall responsibility for personnel selection and appointment, preparation of operating budgets, and implementation of school policies and regulations.
----
Superintendent (Supt.) is also a police rank in most English-speaking nations, usually senior to Chief Inspector and junior to Chief Superintendent. Its equivalent in most US police commands is Deputy Inspector, though in some commands, Superintendent is the title for the head of the department.
----
Superintendent is also used by the U.S. Air Force as the title of the NCOIC (Noncommissioned Officer in Charge) of a section, flight, staff agency, directorate, or like organization. These positions are assigned to senior noncommissioned officers (NCOs), as opposed to the titles NCOIC (which are held by junior NCOs) and Chief or Director (which is assigned to commissioned officers as the head of the section).
----
Superintendent can also refer to the manager, maintenance and repair person, custodian, or janitor, of an apartment building.

Superintendent
A superintendent is an individual that has executive oversight and administration rights, usually within an educational entity or organization. For example, many US State Departments of Education refer to their administrators as superintendents. Most school districts usually do the same. Many school superintendents are elected by a School Board. They are typically given overall responsibility for personnel selection and appointment, preparation of operating budgets, and implementation of school policies and regulations.
----
Superintendent (Supt.) is also a police rank in most English-speaking nations, usually senior to Chief Inspector and junior to Chief Superintendent. Its equivalent in most US police commands is Deputy Inspector, though in some commands, Superintendent is the title for the head of the department.
----
Superintendent is also used by the U.S. Air Force as the title of the NCOIC (Noncommissioned Officer in Charge) of a section, flight, staff agency, directorate, or like organization. These positions are assigned to senior noncommissioned officers (NCOs), as opposed to the titles NCOIC (which are held by junior NCOs) and Chief or Director (which is assigned to commissioned officers as the head of the section).
----
Superintendent can also refer to the manager, maintenance and repair person, custodian, or janitor, of an apartment building.

Superintendent
A superintendent is an individual that has executive oversight and administration rights, usually within an educational entity or organization. For example, many US State Departments of Education refer to their administrators as superintendents. Most school districts usually do the same. Many school superintendents are elected by a School Board. They are typically given overall responsibility for personnel selection and appointment, preparation of operating budgets, and implementation of school policies and regulations.
----
Superintendent (Supt.) is also a police rank in most English-speaking nations, usually senior to Chief Inspector and junior to Chief Superintendent. Its equivalent in most US police commands is Deputy Inspector, though in some commands, Superintendent is the title for the head of the department.
----
Superintendent is also used by the U.S. Air Force as the title of the NCOIC (Noncommissioned Officer in Charge) of a section, flight, staff agency, directorate, or like organization. These positions are assigned to senior noncommissioned officers (NCOs), as opposed to the titles NCOIC (which are held by junior NCOs) and Chief or Director (which is assigned to commissioned officers as the head of the section).
----
Superintendent can also refer to the manager, maintenance and repair person, custodian, or janitor, of an apartment building.

John SweeneyJohn Sweeney is the name of:

- The AFL-CIO President

- A New York Congressman

- a politician in Ontario, Canada

Category:Positions within the British Royal Household
See also: Royal Household

Category:British monarchy Heinrich Jonghen
Heinrich Jonghen († 1312 in Köln) war Weihbischof in Köln.

Der ehemalige Provinzial der Karmeliter wurde 1298 Titularbischof von Rodestonensis und Weihbischof in Köln. Unter den Kölner Erzbischöfen Siegfried von Westerburg, Wigbold von Holte und Heinrich II. von Virneburg fungierte er als solcher und während der Sedisvacanz von 1304 auch als Weihbischof des Kölner Domkapitels. Nachdem er 1304 auch als Weihbischof von Mainz geurkundet hatte, verstarb er 1312 im Kölner Karmeliterkloster.

Siehe auch: Liste der Kölner Weihbischöfe, Erzbistum Köln, Liste der Titularbistümer

Jonghen, Heinrich
Jonghen, Heinrich

thrifty car rental Pozycjonowanie Doda i Virgin Zapraszamy hotels Berlin}

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Jewel Spider
The Australian Jewel Spider (Austracantha minax) is also referred to as the Christmas spider or spiny spider. With bright coloring and sharp black spikes, it is fairly easy to identify. This species occurs throughout most of Australia. They like to make their webs in shrubby woodlands in large communities of spiders with each individual web connected together into a miniature spider city. Eggs sacs are red brown, and can be a variety of shapes. They are usually attached to a twig

Xxgdb
Xxgdb is an open-source X Window System front-end for gdb. It was adapted from xdbx, which uses the dbx debugger.

References

Tribes

Whoa, Nelly!
Whoa, Nelly! is the debut album by Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado, first released in the United States on October 24 2000 by Dreamworks

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Silicate dihydroxide

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record.
The result of the debate was - redirected - SimonP 15:17, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

bets at fixed odds, i.e. a fixed starting price, as opposed to the totalisator model of betting. This form of gambling was only legal in Australia for bookmakers operating on the course or racetrack, and so a large telephone based SP bookmaking industry started, leading to the term SP bookie becoming synonymous with a criminal bookmaker operating off

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Vorticon mothership
Commander Keen is the main character in a series of video games developed by id Software in the early 1990s, which were successful at replicating the side-scrolling action of the NES Super Mario Bros. games in MS-DOS. The

Dai Rees
Dai Rees (born Fontygary, Wales, 31 March 1913, died September 10, 1983) was one of the Britain's leading golfers either side of World War II. Rees is most remembered as the captain of

A. A. Gill
A. A. (Adrian Anthony) Gill (born June 28, 1954) is a British newspaper columnist and writer. He is also restaurant reviewer in the Style section of the London Sunday Times. His reviews are famously short on detail about the food itself. [http://women.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,18030-1730930,00.html]

European Tour
The PGA European Tour, much more commonly referred to simply as the European Tour, is a top-level men's professional golf tour. Its headquarters are at Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England. It is the primary golf tour in Europe and is second to t